MPS 004 DEC 2023 “COMPLETE Solved Previous Year Paper”

1. Critically examine the assumptions of the world system approach and its relevance to political analysis.

Assumptions of the World System Approach

1. Global Economic Integration: The world system approach posits that all countries are part of a larger global system, which shapes their political and economic realities. This perspective highlights that contemporary patterns of global flows—economic, political, military, technological, and cultural—are historically unprecedented and influence national systems.
2. Core-Periphery Dynamics: The approach distinguishes between core countries (developed industrial nations) and peripheral countries (underdeveloped agrarian societies). This dichotomy emphasizes how economic and political disparities arise from historical relationships, such as colonialism and neo-colonialism, leading to dependency dynamics.
3. Structural Inequality: It assumes that the global structure creates inherent inequalities, where peripheral nations are often dependent on core nations. This dependency is not just economic but also political, as decisions made in core countries can significantly impact the political landscape and development paths of peripheral states.
4. Cultural and Ideological Hegemony: The approach recognizes the role of culture and ideology in maintaining the status quo of global inequalities. The dominant ideologies propagated by core nations often shape the political discourse in peripheral nations, creating a framework that can justify or obscure systemic inequalities.
5. Critique of Traditional Political Analysis: The world system approach criticizes conventional political analysis for focusing too narrowly on national or local systems without considering the broader global context. It argues for the need to understand political phenomena through the lens of global interdependencies and historical contexts.

Relevance to Political Analysis

1. Understanding Global Influence: The relevance of the world system approach in political analysis lies in its ability to provide a comprehensive understanding of how global forces shape domestic politics. It helps analyze issues like imperialism, dependency, and the impact of international institutions on national policies.
2. Framework for Comparative Politics: It offers a framework for comparative analysis of political systems, allowing scholars to identify similarities and differences in how various countries respond to global pressures. This comparative aspect aids in understanding how different nations navigate their positions within the world system.
3. Focus on Historical Contexts: By emphasizing historical factors such as colonialism and economic exploitation, the world system approach enriches political analysis, making it more nuanced and reflective of the realities faced by different nations.
4. Addressing Structural Issues: The approach encourages political analysts to consider structural issues, such as class relations and economic conditions, which often underlie political conflicts. This perspective is essential for understanding the complexities of political systems in developing countries.
5. Criticism of Liberal Democratic Models: The world system approach challenges the notion that liberal democracy is the ultimate political goal. It points out that many non-democratic regimes arise from specific historical and economic conditions, urging analysts to rethink democratic transitions in various contexts.
6. Interdisciplinary Insights: It bridges insights from political science, sociology, economics, and history, offering a more holistic view of political phenomena. This interdisciplinary approach is crucial for addressing complex global issues such as migration, climate change, and international conflict.

In summary, the world system approach provides a critical lens through which to analyze political systems by emphasizing global interdependencies, historical contexts, and structural inequalities, making it a valuable framework for contemporary political analysis.

2. Critically analyse the concept of nationalism in the context of globalisation.

Analyzing Nationalism in the Context of Globalization

Definition of Nationalism

Nationalism is a complex sentiment involving:

1. Attachment to a homeland: Individuals feel a strong connection to their country.
2. Common language and values: Shared communication and ideals unify people.
3. Cultural symbols: Flags, anthems, and rituals foster a sense of identity.
4. Group identity: Nationalism creates a collective egoism that emphasizes loyalty to one’s nation above all.
5. Historical roots: Nationalism has evolved from deep-seated human emotions, including fear of the unfamiliar and pride in one’s heritage.
6. Political ideology: It asserts that nations should govern themselves, often prioritizing national unity over other loyalties.
7. Response to oppression: Nationalist movements often arise from a desire to resist domination and affirm cultural identity.

Nationalism in the Age of Globalization

The relationship between nationalism and globalization can be viewed through several lenses:

1. Threat to Nationalism: Globalization can challenge national identities by promoting a homogenized global culture, threatening local traditions and values.
2. Creation of New Identities: In response to globalization, new national identities can emerge that blend local traditions with global influences, redefining what it means to be part of a nation.
3. Cultural Resistance: Nationalism often acts as a form of resistance against the forces of globalization, advocating for the preservation of unique cultural identities.
4. Identity Politics: This aspect of nationalism emphasizes recognition of cultural differences based on ethnicity, particularly for stateless nations, asserting the importance of local identities.
5. Psychological Aspects: Nationalism fosters a sense of belonging and solidarity among individuals, reinforcing community ties in a fragmented global landscape.
6. Historical Context: The rise of nationalism has historically coincided with events like the disintegration of empires, where ethnic identities took precedence over class loyalties.
7. Survival of Nationalism: Despite global integration, nationalism continues to thrive, as there is no overarching global identity that satisfies diverse populations.
8. Mobilization: National identity has the power to mobilize individuals toward common political goals, especially in times of perceived threats to their culture.

Conclusion

In the context of globalization, nationalism represents both a challenge and an adaptive response. While globalization promotes cultural integration, nationalism serves as a vital mechanism for preserving unique identities and fostering community ties amidst widespread change. The dynamic between these two forces suggests that nationalism will continue to evolve and remain relevant in an increasingly interconnected world.

3. Discuss the essential features of civil society. How is it related to state ?

Essential Features of Civil Society

Civil society plays a crucial role in democratic frameworks and is characterized by several essential features:

1. Public Orientation: Civil society organizations are primarily concerned with public rather than private interests, advocating for collective goals that serve the community.
2. Voluntarism: Membership and participation in civil society are voluntary, allowing individuals to engage according to their interests and convictions.
3. Autonomy: Civil society operates independently from the state, maintaining its own legal order while being self-generating and self-governing.
4. Diversity of Organizations: It encompasses a wide range of organizations such as churches, neighborhood associations, private charities, grassroots groups, and cultural institutions like universities and theaters.
5. Civic Engagement: Civil society encourages active participation in public life, promoting dialogue and the contestation of political authority, which is vital for accountability and transparency.
6. Rights-bearing Citizens: It is a sphere inhabited by individuals who are recognized as citizens with rights, and it serves as a platform for them to express their interests and ideas.
7. Open and Public Discourse: Civil society is characterized by open debates and discussions, fostering a critical rational discourse that can interrogate state actions.
8. Intermediary Role: It acts as an intermediary between the private individuals and the state, facilitating communication and negotiation of interests.
9. Accountability Mechanism: Civil society holds the state accountable for its actions, ensuring that government operates in the interest of the populace.
10. Collective Action: It enables individuals to come together to make demands on the state, enhancing collective power and influence in political processes.

Relationship Between Civil Society and the State

The relationship between civil society and the state is complex and evolves over time, reflecting various political theories and practices:

1. State-Centric vs. Civil Society-Centric Views: Traditional political theory often places the state at the center, viewing it as essential for individual development. In contrast, contemporary perspectives emphasize the importance of civil society in promoting democratic governance.
2. Role of the State: The state serves as a regulator of society, establishing the boundaries for political practice while ensuring that civil society functions effectively as a space for civic engagement.
3. Accountability Framework: Civil society acts as a watchdog over the state, demanding accountability and transparency in governance, which is crucial for a functioning democracy.
4. Emergence of Democratic Ideals: The ideals of participation, accountability, and rights-bearing citizens are linked to a robust civil society, which is essential for nurturing democratic practices.
5. Support for Individual Rights: Civil society is instrumental in advocating for the rights of individuals, challenging state actions that may infringe upon these rights.
6. Facilitating Dialogue: It provides a platform for dialogue between citizens and the state, allowing for the articulation of public interests and grievances.
7. Promoting Social Change: Civil society organizations often mobilize citizens to push for social change, especially when conventional political mechanisms fail to address pressing issues.
8. Influence on Policy: The interactions between civil society and the state can lead to significant policy changes, as civil society groups articulate their demands and negotiate with state actors.
9. Balancing Power Dynamics: A healthy civil society helps to balance the power dynamics between the state and citizens, preventing the concentration of power and promoting democratic governance.
10. Evolutionary Perspective: The state-civil society relationship is not static; it evolves with changing political contexts and societal needs, reflecting shifts in governance and citizen engagement.

Overall, civil society is integral to democracy, serving as a vital link between the individual and the state, fostering participation, and holding authorities accountable.

4. Examine the main benefits of regional integration for states, individually and collectively.

Benefits of Regional Integration for States

Regional integration offers numerous advantages for states, both individually and collectively. Below are the main benefits identified in the relevant documents.

Individual Benefits for States

1. Increased Economic Growth: Participation in regional integration organizations can lead to significant economic growth rates, as evidenced by the rapid growth in Western European states.
2. Enhanced Cooperation: States can strengthen their capacities through mutual cooperation, leading to more effective governance and resource management.
3. Cultural Exchange: Integration fosters socio-economic and cultural exchanges, enriching the social fabric and enhancing mutual understanding among member states.
4. Political Stability: Regional integration helps in resolving conflicts among states and contributes to overall political stability within the region.
5. Protection of Sovereignty: States can maintain their identities and sovereignty while benefiting from collaborative efforts, allowing for autonomy in decision-making.
6. Support for Development Goals: Integration facilitates the achievement of individual states’ development objectives without compromising their unique characteristics.
7. Access to Wider Markets: States gain access to larger markets, promoting trade and investment opportunities that can drive local economies.
8. Improved Infrastructure: Collaborative projects can lead to enhanced infrastructure development, benefiting all member states.

Collective Benefits for States

1. Peace and Security: Regional integration can reduce the chances of war and conflict among states by fostering interdependence and collaborative security measures.
2. Strengthened Global Position: Collectively, integrated states can enhance their bargaining power on the global stage, allowing them to negotiate better terms in international agreements.
3. Shared Knowledge and Resources: States can pool resources and share knowledge, leading to more efficient solutions to common challenges such as climate change and public health crises.
4. Economic Interdependence: Integration promotes economic interdependence, which can serve as a deterrent to conflicts and enhance regional stability.
5. Sustainable Development: Collective efforts can lead to sustainable economic development strategies that benefit all member states, promoting long-term prosperity.
6. Facilitation of Trade: Regional integration simplifies trade agreements among member states, reducing tariffs and barriers to trade.
7. Crisis Management: Integrated states can respond more effectively to regional crises, leveraging shared resources and coordinated strategies.
8. Cultural Unity: A common regional identity can foster cultural unity, enhancing social cohesion and solidarity among diverse populations.

In summary, regional integration serves as a vital mechanism for enhancing both individual and collective benefits for states, contributing to economic growth, political stability, and social cohesion while maintaining sovereignty and identity.

5. Describe the evolutionary and the revolutionary modes of constitution making.

Evolutionary Mode of Constitution Making

The evolutionary mode of constitution making refers to a gradual process of constitutional development, often characterized by the following features:

1. Incremental Changes: It involves gradual amendments and revisions rather than sweeping changes, allowing for stability within the political system.
2. Unwritten and Flexible Constitutions: Many countries with evolutionary constitutions have unwritten or flexible constitutions that adapt over time through conventions and customary practices.
3. Historical Context: This mode is deeply rooted in the historical development of states, where constitutions evolve in response to changing political, social, and economic conditions.
4. Examples: The British Constitution serves as a notable example, as it has evolved over centuries without a single written document, incorporating statutes, conventions, and judicial decisions.
5. Political Consensus: The process typically involves a broad consensus among political actors, ensuring that changes reflect the will of the people.
6. Rule of Law: It emphasizes the importance of the rule of law, where constitutional principles are upheld through judicial interpretation and political practices.
7. Stability: The evolutionary approach aims to maintain stability within the state while allowing for necessary reforms and adaptations.
8. Rigidity vs. Flexibility: Unlike revolutionary modes, evolutionary constitutions may not be rigidly defined, making them adaptable to new circumstances without extensive upheaval.

Revolutionary Mode of Constitution Making

The revolutionary mode of constitution making involves significant and often abrupt changes to a country’s constitution, typically following a major political upheaval. Key aspects include:

1. Radical Overhaul: This mode is characterized by a desire to “start with a clean slate,” where the existing political structure is completely redesigned.
2. Historical Examples: The Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787 is a prime example, where representatives of the thirteen states gathered to create a new constitution rather than merely amending the existing Articles of Confederation.
3. People’s Assembly: Revolutionary constitution making often involves assemblies or conventions where representatives gather to draft a new constitution, reflecting the aspirations of the populace.
4. Break from Tradition: It typically breaks from previous political traditions and structures, aiming for a new governance model that embodies the principles of democracy and popular will.
5. Collective Will: The process is driven by the collective will of the people, often following a liberal, anti-authoritarian revolution.
6. Historical Impact: The French National Assembly’s actions during the revolution also exemplify this mode, as they exceeded their initial mandate to create a new constitutional framework.
7. Resistance to Authority: Revolutionary modes often arise in contexts where there is widespread dissatisfaction with existing authorities and governance systems.
8. Subsequent Amendments: After a revolutionary constitution is established, it may go through various amendments and judicial interpretations to adapt to evolving political realities.

In summary, while the evolutionary mode of constitution making emphasizes gradual change and stability, the revolutionary mode is marked by abrupt shifts and a collective desire for a new political order. Both modes reflect different historical contexts and aspirations of the societies they emerge from.

6. Critically examine multiculturalism as a means to accommodate ethnic minorities. 

Examining Multiculturalism as a Means to Accommodate Ethnic Minorities

Definition and Context of Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism refers to the coexistence of diverse cultures within a society, where various ethnic groups maintain their cultural identities while participating in a shared civic life. It serves as an approach to manage and accommodate ethnic minorities, promoting social cohesion and mutual respect among different cultural groups.

Key Aspects of Multiculturalism

1. Cultural Diversity: Recognizes and celebrates the variety of cultures, languages, and traditions within a society.
2. Social Integration: Encourages participation of ethnic minorities in social, economic, and political spheres.
3. Recognition of Rights: Acknowledges the rights of minority groups to maintain their cultural practices and languages.
4. Equality: Promotes equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds.
5. Conflict Resolution: Aims to reduce tensions and conflicts between different cultural groups through dialogue and understanding.
6. Education and Awareness: Educates the majority population about minority cultures to foster respect and reduce stereotypes.
7. Policy Frameworks: Implements policies that support multicultural initiatives, such as language support programs and cultural festivals.
8. Community Engagement: Encourages active participation of ethnic minorities in community decision-making processes.

Critiques of Multiculturalism

1. Cultural Fragmentation: Critics argue that multiculturalism can lead to divisions within society, hindering social cohesion.
2. Integration Challenges: Some ethnic minorities may struggle with integration, leading to social isolation.
3. Economic Disparities: Economic inequalities can persist among different cultural groups, undermining the benefits of multiculturalism.
4. Political Exploitation: Politicians may exploit multicultural sentiments for electoral gains, leading to tokenism rather than genuine inclusion.
5. Identity Conflicts: Individuals may experience conflicts between their cultural identity and the dominant culture, creating personal and social tensions.
6. Globalization Impact: The overlapping of cultures due to globalization can dilute local cultures and identities, raising concerns about cultural homogenization.
7. Resistance from Majority Groups: Some members of the majority population may resist multicultural policies, fearing loss of their cultural dominance.
8. Implementation Gaps: There can be a discrepancy between multicultural policies and their actual implementation, leading to unmet expectations among minorities.

Conclusion

Multiculturalism presents both opportunities and challenges in accommodating ethnic minorities. While it promotes diversity and inclusion, it also faces criticism regarding social cohesion and integration. Effective implementation of multicultural policies is crucial to ensure that the benefits are realized across all cultural groups, fostering a harmonious and equitable society.

By understanding these aspects, stakeholders can better navigate the complexities of multiculturalism and work towards effective solutions that support ethnic minorities while enhancing societal unity.

7. Discuss the impact of structural adjustment policies on women.

Impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on Women

Overview of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)

Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) are economic reforms implemented in developing countries, often mandated by international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank as conditions for loans. These policies typically involve austerity measures, deregulation, and privatization aimed at stabilizing economies but have significant social implications, particularly for women.

Economic Consequences for Women

1. Increased Poverty Rates: SAPs have contributed to heightened poverty levels, disproportionately affecting women, who often bear the brunt of economic instability and reduced public services.
2. Job Losses: As governments cut spending on social programs, many women employed in public sectors faced job losses or wage cuts, leading to heightened economic insecurity.
3. Diminished Access to Resources: Reductions in state support for health, education, and social services have limited women’s access to necessary resources, further entrenching poverty.
4. Increased Informal Employment: Women have increasingly turned to informal employment as formal job opportunities decline, often resulting in lower wages and lack of job security.
5. Agricultural Vulnerability: In rural areas, women who depend on agricultural production have faced challenges due to market liberalization, including increased competition and loss of subsidies.
6. Rising Inequality: SAPs have been linked to widening social inequalities, affecting women’s socio-economic status and exacerbating existing gender disparities.
7. Health and Education: Cuts in health and education funding have disproportionately impacted women, who are often responsible for family care and education, leading to poorer outcomes for themselves and their children.
8. Debt and Financial Burden: The financial burden of debts has often been transferred to women, who may be responsible for managing household budgets under increasingly strained circumstances.

Social and Political Implications

1. Increased Workload: As public services decline, women are often required to take on additional unpaid work at home, managing household duties and caregiving for family members.
2. Political Marginalization: The focus on economic reforms has often sidelined women’s voices in political processes, limiting their participation in decision-making.
3. Resistance and Activism: In response to the negative impacts of SAPs, women have increasingly engaged in grassroots movements and activism, seeking to advocate for their rights and better policies.
4. Human Rights Concerns: The implementation of SAPs without consideration for human rights has led to violations, particularly affecting women who face discrimination and violence.

Conclusion

The impact of Structural Adjustment Policies on women has been profound, resulting in economic, social, and political challenges that exacerbate existing inequalities. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that includes women’s voices in policy-making and prioritizes gender-sensitive reforms. 

8. What do you understand by human development ? Describe the major trends of human development in developing countries.

Understanding Human Development

Human development refers to the process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being. It encompasses various aspects, including economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. The concept emphasizes the importance of individuals and communities having the capacity to lead fulfilling lives and make choices that matter to them.

Major Trends of Human Development in Developing Countries

Developing countries experience several significant trends in human development:

1. Economic Growth: There has been a considerable increase in GDP in many developing nations, driven by industrialization and globalization.
2. Poverty Reduction: Efforts to alleviate poverty have seen success, with millions lifted out of poverty due to targeted programs and economic growth.
3. Education Improvements: Access to education has expanded, with higher enrollment rates in primary and secondary schools, contributing to a more educated workforce.
4. Healthcare Advancements: Improvements in healthcare infrastructure and access to medical services have led to better health outcomes and increased life expectancy.
5. Technological Adoption: The rise of technology, including mobile phones and the internet, has transformed communication and access to information, fostering economic and social opportunities.
6. Urbanization: There is a significant trend toward urbanization, with many people moving to cities for better job prospects and living conditions.
7. Gender Equality Initiatives: Many developing countries are implementing policies aimed at promoting gender equality, empowering women economically and socially.
8. Sustainability Efforts: Increased awareness of environmental issues has led to initiatives focused on sustainable development practices, including renewable energy adoption.
9. Social Mobilization: There is a growing trend of civic engagement and social movements advocating for rights and reforms, enhancing democratic participation.
10. Globalization Effects: The interconnectedness of the global economy has both positive and negative impacts, leading to opportunities for trade but also challenges such as economic dependency.

These trends illustrate the complex dynamics of human development in developing countries, highlighting progress and ongoing challenges that need to be addressed for sustained growth and improvement in quality of life.

9. Describe Duverger’s classification of parties and party system with examples.

Duverger’s Classification of Parties and Party Systems

Overview of Duverger’s Theory

Duverger’s theory classifies political parties and party systems based on the electoral systems in use and their consequences on political organization and behavior. The key components of this classification are:

1. Two-Party System: Often results from a plurality voting system (first-past-the-post). This system tends to favor larger parties and discourages smaller parties. Examples include:

   – United States: Dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties.

   – United Kingdom: Primarily features the Conservative and Labour parties.

2. Multi-Party System: Typically arises in proportional representation systems, where multiple parties can gain seats in the legislature. This encourages representation of diverse interests. Examples include:

   – Germany: Features multiple parties such as the CDU, SPD, and Greens.

   – Italy: Known for its numerous parties, including the Democratic Party and Lega Nord.

3. Single-Party System: Exists when a single political party controls the political landscape, often in authoritarian regimes. Examples include:

   – China: The Communist Party of China is the only legal party.

   – North Korea: The Workers’ Party of Korea maintains a monopoly on political power.

Characteristics of Party Systems

Duverger identified several characteristics that define party systems:

1. Stability: Two-party systems tend to provide more political stability than multi-party systems.
2. Voter Behavior: In two-party systems, voters often feel compelled to vote strategically, selecting the major party they believe has the best chance of winning.
3. Coalitions: Multi-party systems often require coalition governments, leading to compromises among various parties.
4. Representation: Multi-party systems can provide broader representation of societal interests compared to two-party systems.
5. Electoral Efficiency: The efficiency of elections can vary significantly between systems, influencing voter turnout and engagement.

Examples of Countries and Their Party Systems

Here are relevant examples illustrating Duverger’s classification:

1. Two-Party Systems:

   – Australia: Mainly features the Liberal and Labor parties.

   – Canada: Dominated by the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

2. Multi-Party Systems:

   – Sweden: Known for the Social Democrats, Moderates, and several other parties.

   – Netherlands: Features a variety of parties like the VVD, D66, and PVV.

3. Single-Party Systems:

   – Cuba: The Communist Party of Cuba is the only legal party.

   – Vietnam: The Communist Party of Vietnam holds all political power.

Conclusion

Duverger’s classification highlights the relationship between electoral systems and party dynamics, emphasizing how these structures influence political stability, voter behavior, and representation in various countries. Understanding these classifications helps in analyzing the political landscape and the nature of governance in different contexts.

10. Discuss the differences in the western and socialist perspective on human rights.

Differences in Western and Socialist Perspectives on Human Rights

Western Perspective on Human Rights

1. Individual Rights: The Western perspective emphasizes individual rights as inalienable and sacred. The individual is considered the focal point of all rights and liberties, which are seen as essential to personal autonomy and freedom.
2. Role of the State: In this view, the state is a necessary evil that exists to serve the individual. Its powers are limited and are derived from the consent of the governed. The state should primarily protect individual rights and promote welfare without overstepping its boundaries.
3. Liberal Ideals: Influential Western thinkers like Locke and Mill argue that the state should not impose absolute authority over individuals. Instead, it should act in a way that enhances individual freedoms and promotes democratic principles.
4. Incremental Reforms: The liberal-individualistic perspective supports gradual reforms within the state structure to adapt to changing societal needs, rather than revolutionary changes.
5. Economic Context: This perspective often aligns with capitalism, viewing the state as a mechanism that supports trade, commerce, and competition while safeguarding individual rights against exploitation by others.
6. Consent and Legitimacy: The legitimacy of the state is grounded in the consent of the people, suggesting that any violation of individual rights by the state is unjustifiable.

Socialist Perspective on Human Rights

1. Collective Rights: The socialist view prioritizes collective rights over individual rights, arguing that human rights should ensure social welfare and equality for all members of society.
2. Class Structure: Socialists see the state as a product of class society, created to serve the interests of the economically dominant class (capitalists). This perspective views the state as a tool of oppression against the working class.
3. State as a Class Institution: The socialist approach argues that the state operates primarily to maintain the status quo of class relations and exploitation, rather than genuinely protecting individual rights.
4. Transitional State: In socialist theory, the state is seen as a means to transition towards a classless society. The “dictatorship of the proletariat” is envisioned as a necessary step to abolish class antagonism and private property.
5. Abolition of Nationalism: Socialists like Marx argue against the concept of nationalism, positing that true human rights can only be realized through international solidarity among the working class, rather than through nationalistic frameworks that serve bourgeois interests.
6. Emphasis on Democracy: Socialist perspectives highlight the importance of democracy as part of their approach to achieving human rights. However, they argue that democracy should lead to substantive social and economic reforms that benefit the majority, rather than just formal political rights.

Summary of Key Differences

• Focus: Western perspectives prioritize individual autonomy; socialist views emphasize collective rights and social welfare.
• Role of the State: Western views see the state as a protector of individual rights; socialists view it as a tool of class oppression.
• Economic Framework: Western perspectives often align with capitalist ideals; socialist perspectives advocate for the abolition of capitalism and class structures.
• Reform vs. Revolution: Western ideologies promote gradual reform; socialists advocate for revolutionary changes to dismantle existing systems of oppression.

This comparison illustrates the fundamental ideological divides in the understanding and implementation of human rights across different political and economic systems.